<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

<!--XBRL Document Created with the Workiva Platform-->
<!--Copyright 2024 Workiva-->
<!--r:c9eddbc6-a233-4dd8-9741-7dff6dbaec62,g:b11a16fe-5506-4e40-9554-c78f2e47d758-->
<xs:schema xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:link="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/linkbase" xmlns:nfe="http://newfortressenergy.com/20240429" xmlns:xbrli="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/instance" attributeFormDefault="unqualified" elementFormDefault="qualified" targetNamespace="http://newfortressenergy.com/20240429">
  <xs:import namespace="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/instance" schemaLocation="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/xbrl-instance-2003-12-31.xsd"/>
  <xs:import namespace="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/linkbase" schemaLocation="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/xbrl-linkbase-2003-12-31.xsd"/>
  <xs:import namespace="http://xbrl.sec.gov/dei-sub/2024" schemaLocation="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-sub-2024.xsd"/>
  <xs:import namespace="http://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd-sub/2024" schemaLocation="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-sub-2024.xsd"/>
  <xs:annotation>
    <xs:appinfo>
      <link:linkbaseRef xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:arcrole="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink/properties/linkbase" xlink:href="nfe-20240429_pre.xml" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationLinkbaseRef" xlink:type="simple"/>
      <link:linkbaseRef xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:arcrole="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink/properties/linkbase" xlink:href="nfe-20240429_lab.xml" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/labelLinkbaseRef" xlink:type="simple"/>
    </xs:appinfo>
  </xs:annotation>
  <xs:element id="nfe_PeerGroupTotalShareholderReturnAmountTwo" abstract="false" name="PeerGroupTotalShareholderReturnAmountTwo" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" xbrli:balance="debit" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="nfe_PeerGroupTotalShareholderReturnAmountThree" abstract="false" name="PeerGroupTotalShareholderReturnAmountThree" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" xbrli:balance="debit" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType"/>
</xs:schema>